#BLM. (n.d.). Retrieved June 27, 2020, from https://blacklivesmatter.carrd.co/
Initiative, O. (2014, December 09). INTERNATIONAL MOUNTAIN DAY 2014. Retrieved June 27, 2020, from http://oluwamiranda.blogspot.com/2014/12/international-mountain-day-2014.html
Factory. (2020, June 25). Retrieved June 27, 2020, from https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Factory
Mahatma Gandhi. (2020, June 26). Retrieved June 27, 2020, from https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mahatma_Gandhi
History of agriculture. (2020, June 27). Retrieved June 27, 2020, from https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_agriculture
Gomes, A. (2018, November 29). New Matson Vessel Is Largest Containership Ever Built in US. Retrieved June 27, 2020, from https://www.ttnews.com/articles/new-matson-vessel-largest-containership-ever-built-us
Initiative, O. (2014, December 09). INTERNATIONAL MOUNTAIN DAY 2014. Retrieved June 27, 2020, from http://oluwamiranda.blogspot.com/2014/12/international-mountain-day-2014.html
Factory. (2020, June 25). Retrieved June 27, 2020, from https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Factory
Mahatma Gandhi. (2020, June 26). Retrieved June 27, 2020, from https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mahatma_Gandhi
History of agriculture. (2020, June 27). Retrieved June 27, 2020, from https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_agriculture
Gomes, A. (2018, November 29). New Matson Vessel Is Largest Containership Ever Built in US. Retrieved June 27, 2020, from https://www.ttnews.com/articles/new-matson-vessel-largest-containership-ever-built-us
Impacts of the Human Species and Factors of the Agricultural Revolution & Agrarian Empires
As a result of global climate change, foragers settled down to create and build communities through collective learning. However, this proved to have a major impact on these people. This is because the demand for farming continued to grow due to overpopulation. During the times of the Agricultural Revolution, many people worked laboriously and tirelessly for hours at a time. Starvation became a huge issue as people solely depended on a sufficient harvest for survival, and an unsuccessful harvest took the lives of many. On top of that, life expectancy was low, many had substandard diets, and diseases continued to spread. All of these factors created the issue we now refer to as poverty. Our UN Development Goal of climate action addresses this issue as climate change was the driving force for poverty. Due to Earth's changing climate at the time, the world became more abundant in ecosystems, and people no longer had to hunt and gather food, turning towards agriculture and agrarian societies. But in the past few decades, climate change has been negatively impacting our environment more and more, urging us to set our focus towards climate action.
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From the beginning of the Agricultural Revolution to now, Earth’s climate has continued to change. The Spanish empire, and what is now Spain, has been facing a huge climate change crisis. Spain has been continuously getting way warmer and drier than the global average. But experts are predicting even more temperature spikes in the upcoming years. The effects of climate change throughout Spain are also seen in their heatwaves, wildfires, reduced rainfall, and severe flooding, which have been getting worse day by day. Similarly, the warmer temperatures in Hawaiʻi due to climate change have caused coral reef damage, sea-level rise, decreased amounts of freshwater, and disease outbreaks. Many people around the world are trying to address this issue by reducing CO2 emissions, creating renewable energy sources, and conserving forests. The UN has even created an International Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) because of how big this issue is. Some locally-based non-profit organizations here in Hawaiʻi, such as Healthy Climate Communities, Hawaiʻi Conservation Alliance, and Sierra Club Oʻahu Group, are also trying to tackle this issue.
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Bullis, K. (2014). A Plan B for Climate Agreements. MIT Technology Review, 117(4), 84–86. Retrieved from http://web.b.ebscohost.com/ehost/detail/detail?vid=2&sid=6caba4cc-f4ce-40a4-8184-feb8eef5e0c4%40pdc-v-sessmgr02&bdata=JnNpdGU9ZWhvc3QtbGl2ZQ%3d%3d
Hawaiʻi Conservation Alliance. (n.d.). Hawaii Conservation Alliance. Retrieved June 15, 2020, from Hawaii Conservation Alliance website: https://www.hawaiiconservation.org/
Healthy Climate Communities. (n.d.). Healthy Climate Communities. Retrieved June 15, 2020, from Healthy Climate Communities website: http://healthyclimatecommunities.org/
National Public Radio. (2019). NPR Choice page. Retrieved from Npr.org website: https://www.npr.org/2011/12/07/143302823/what-countries-are-doing-to-tackle-climate-change
Planelles, M. (2019, April 3). More than a feeling: summers in Spain really are getting longer and hotter. Retrieved June 15, 2020, from EL PAÍS website: https://english.elpais.com/elpais/2019/04/03/inenglish/1554279672_888064.html
Sierra Club Oʻahu Group. (n.d.). Our Group. Retrieved from Sierra Club Oʻahu Group website: https://www.sierracluboahu.org/group
The Climate Reality Project. (2019, November 27). Spain is Feeling the Impacts of the Climate Crisis – and it is Fighting Back. Retrieved from Climate Reality website: https://www.climaterealityproject.org/blog/spain-feeling-impacts-climate-crisis-and-it-fighting-back
[email protected], B. T. H., & July 5, 2018. (2018, July 5). 34% of Hawaii’s coast at risk as climate change accelerates, study finds. Retrieved June 15, 2020, from Honolulu Star-Advertiser website: https://www.staradvertiser.com/2018/07/05/hawaii-news/34-of-hawaiis-coast-at-risk-as-climate-change-accelerates-study-finds/
United States Environmental Protection Agency. (2016, August). What Climate Change Means for Hawaii. Retrieved June 15, 2020, from https://19january2017snapshot.epa.gov/sites/production/files/2016-09/documents/climate-change-hi.pdf
U.S. Global Change Research Program. (2014). National Climate Assessment. Retrieved from National Climate Assessment website: https://nca2014.globalchange.gov/highlights/regions/hawaii
Agricultural Revolution. (n.d.). Retrieved from History Crunch - History Articles, Summaries, Biographies, Resources and More website: https://www.historycrunch.com/agricultural-revolution.html#/
OER Project. (2020). Crash Course Big History #7: Migrations and Intensifications [YouTube Video]. Retrieved from https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=htk9nXHHYtU&feature=youtu.be
Pirie, D. M. (2015, March 3). Economic Nonsense: 17. The Industrial Revolution brought squalor and impoverished the poor. Retrieved from Adam Smith Institute website: https://www.adamsmith.org/blog/economics/economic-nonsense-17-the-industrial-revolution-brought-squalor-and-impoverished-the-poor#:~:text=The%20Industrial%20Revolution%20brought%20squalor%20and%20impoverished%20the%20poor
U7_WhyWasAgricultureSoImportant.mp4. (n.d.). Retrieved June 15, 2020, from drive.google.com website: https://drive.google.com/file/d/1oFFIPzTHtpfQNUkf5gZjz9wkO7CT6Wvm/view
Wang, C. (2020, January 15). GMO Brings Forth an Agricultural Revolution. Retrieved from Medium website: https://medium.com/@wchristina2512/gmo-brings-forth-an-agricultural-revolution-950eb25cfa74
Hawaiʻi Conservation Alliance. (n.d.). Hawaii Conservation Alliance. Retrieved June 15, 2020, from Hawaii Conservation Alliance website: https://www.hawaiiconservation.org/
Healthy Climate Communities. (n.d.). Healthy Climate Communities. Retrieved June 15, 2020, from Healthy Climate Communities website: http://healthyclimatecommunities.org/
National Public Radio. (2019). NPR Choice page. Retrieved from Npr.org website: https://www.npr.org/2011/12/07/143302823/what-countries-are-doing-to-tackle-climate-change
Planelles, M. (2019, April 3). More than a feeling: summers in Spain really are getting longer and hotter. Retrieved June 15, 2020, from EL PAÍS website: https://english.elpais.com/elpais/2019/04/03/inenglish/1554279672_888064.html
Sierra Club Oʻahu Group. (n.d.). Our Group. Retrieved from Sierra Club Oʻahu Group website: https://www.sierracluboahu.org/group
The Climate Reality Project. (2019, November 27). Spain is Feeling the Impacts of the Climate Crisis – and it is Fighting Back. Retrieved from Climate Reality website: https://www.climaterealityproject.org/blog/spain-feeling-impacts-climate-crisis-and-it-fighting-back
[email protected], B. T. H., & July 5, 2018. (2018, July 5). 34% of Hawaii’s coast at risk as climate change accelerates, study finds. Retrieved June 15, 2020, from Honolulu Star-Advertiser website: https://www.staradvertiser.com/2018/07/05/hawaii-news/34-of-hawaiis-coast-at-risk-as-climate-change-accelerates-study-finds/
United States Environmental Protection Agency. (2016, August). What Climate Change Means for Hawaii. Retrieved June 15, 2020, from https://19january2017snapshot.epa.gov/sites/production/files/2016-09/documents/climate-change-hi.pdf
U.S. Global Change Research Program. (2014). National Climate Assessment. Retrieved from National Climate Assessment website: https://nca2014.globalchange.gov/highlights/regions/hawaii
Agricultural Revolution. (n.d.). Retrieved from History Crunch - History Articles, Summaries, Biographies, Resources and More website: https://www.historycrunch.com/agricultural-revolution.html#/
OER Project. (2020). Crash Course Big History #7: Migrations and Intensifications [YouTube Video]. Retrieved from https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=htk9nXHHYtU&feature=youtu.be
Pirie, D. M. (2015, March 3). Economic Nonsense: 17. The Industrial Revolution brought squalor and impoverished the poor. Retrieved from Adam Smith Institute website: https://www.adamsmith.org/blog/economics/economic-nonsense-17-the-industrial-revolution-brought-squalor-and-impoverished-the-poor#:~:text=The%20Industrial%20Revolution%20brought%20squalor%20and%20impoverished%20the%20poor
U7_WhyWasAgricultureSoImportant.mp4. (n.d.). Retrieved June 15, 2020, from drive.google.com website: https://drive.google.com/file/d/1oFFIPzTHtpfQNUkf5gZjz9wkO7CT6Wvm/view
Wang, C. (2020, January 15). GMO Brings Forth an Agricultural Revolution. Retrieved from Medium website: https://medium.com/@wchristina2512/gmo-brings-forth-an-agricultural-revolution-950eb25cfa74
Impacts of the Agricultural & Scientific Revolutions & the Age of Enlightenment
Climate change presents itself in numerous ways here in Hawaiʻi. One of the more distinctive ways is shown in the levels of carbon dioxide in our atmosphere. Scientists at the Mauna Loa Observatory in Waimea, Hawaiʻi have used concepts introduced during the Scientific Revolution to understand more about climate change. They have been studying climate change in the islands for over 50 years and have noticed a significant rise in CO2 in our environment. They believe that this is driving climate change not only in Hawaiʻi but across the world. Many people have also been studying the effects of climate change not only on our environment but on our economy as well. The Environmental Defense Fund says that because we depend heavily on imported goods and materials, with climate change affecting our oceans, it will also affect ports and ships delivering these resources. But this is just one of the many consequences this issue will have.
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Factors of the Agricultural Revolution, Scientific Revolution, and Age of Enlightenment did not directly perpetuate the issue of climate change. However, these times did allow us to collectively learn more about climate change. During the Agricultural Revolution, people discovered that climate change could not only cool the planet, but it could also warm the planet. Warmer temperatures allowed natural resources throughout the world to flourish and become bountiful during these times. But it was really during the Scientific Revolution and Enlightenment period that people began to understand climate change. The Scientific Revolution was a time when people focussed on mathematics, astronomy, and science. Through the exploration of these subjects, many new discoveries and theories were made. Enlightenment theorists such as Sir Francis Bacon, Nicolaus Copernicus, and Galileo Galilei played significant roles in allowing us to understand climate change in our modern-day society. Bacon developed the concept of inductive reasoning and the scientific method. Today, NASA credits Bacon and the scientific method for allowing us to explore and research climate change in our world, and understand both the causes and effects of climate change. Others also believe that Copernicus’ understanding of the structure of the universe, and Galileo’s refinement of his discoveries, have influenced our understanding of where and why climate change occurs. All of these new findings from the Agricultural Revolution through the Age of Enlightenment have allowed us to learn more about how to counteract climate change and focus on our UN Development Goal of climate action.
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Biography.com Editors. (2015, January 14). Francis Bacon. Retrieved from Biography website: https://www.biography.com/scholar/francis-bacon
CrashCourse. (2019). Scientific Revolution: Crash Course European History #12. Retrieved from https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=w70BkCqgyyI
Environmental Defense Fund. (n.d.). Among the National Climate Assessment’s findings for Hawaii. Retrieved from https://www.edf.org/sites/default/files/content/regional_releases_hawaii.pdf
Heliocentrism. (n.d.). Retrieved June 23, 2020, from kaaleras.neocities.org website: https://kaaleras.neocities.org/heliocentrism.htm
Liou, C. (2018, February 20). Scientific Revolution – ST112 WA2018. Retrieved June 23, 2020, from Colby website: http://web.colby.edu/st112wa2018/tag/scientific-revolution/
Magazine, P. M. (2017, April 1). Trade with Hawaii. Retrieved June 23, 2020, from Pacific Maritime Magazine website: https://www.pacmar.com/story/2017/04/01/features/trade-with-hawaii/505.html
Shaftel, H. (2018, June 7). The scientific method and climate change: How scientists know – Climate Change: Vital Signs of the Planet. Retrieved from Climate Change: Vital Signs of the Planet website: https://climate.nasa.gov/news/2743/the-scientific-method-and-climate-change-how-scientists-know/
U7_WhyWasAgricultureSoImportant.mp4. (n.d.). Retrieved from drive.google.com website: https://drive.google.com/file/d/1oFFIPzTHtpfQNUkf5gZjz9wkO7CT6Wvm/view
CrashCourse. (2019). Scientific Revolution: Crash Course European History #12. Retrieved from https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=w70BkCqgyyI
Environmental Defense Fund. (n.d.). Among the National Climate Assessment’s findings for Hawaii. Retrieved from https://www.edf.org/sites/default/files/content/regional_releases_hawaii.pdf
Heliocentrism. (n.d.). Retrieved June 23, 2020, from kaaleras.neocities.org website: https://kaaleras.neocities.org/heliocentrism.htm
Liou, C. (2018, February 20). Scientific Revolution – ST112 WA2018. Retrieved June 23, 2020, from Colby website: http://web.colby.edu/st112wa2018/tag/scientific-revolution/
Magazine, P. M. (2017, April 1). Trade with Hawaii. Retrieved June 23, 2020, from Pacific Maritime Magazine website: https://www.pacmar.com/story/2017/04/01/features/trade-with-hawaii/505.html
Shaftel, H. (2018, June 7). The scientific method and climate change: How scientists know – Climate Change: Vital Signs of the Planet. Retrieved from Climate Change: Vital Signs of the Planet website: https://climate.nasa.gov/news/2743/the-scientific-method-and-climate-change-how-scientists-know/
U7_WhyWasAgricultureSoImportant.mp4. (n.d.). Retrieved from drive.google.com website: https://drive.google.com/file/d/1oFFIPzTHtpfQNUkf5gZjz9wkO7CT6Wvm/view
Impacts of the Industrial Revolution & Rise of Class Stratification
The Agricultural Revolution, Scientific Revolution, Enlightenment, and the Industrial Revolution impacted our issue of global climate change and the UN Development Goal of climate action. Through agriculture, population growth occurred amongst many civilizations. With population growth came collective intelligence and the ability of people to make new discoveries during the Scientific Revolution and Enlightenment. The new knowledge gained during these times allowed people to advance as innovators during the Industrial Revolution. However, the Industrial Revolution aggravated climate change. With the development of factories came new machinery and the need for new energies. Coal and steam were valuable sources of energy as they were abundant and cheap. However, the burning of coal to create energy harmed our environment. Coal is a fossil fuel, and while burning fossil fuels, greenhouse gases are released. These gases drove climate change as they have the ability to warm the Earth, therefore, increasing global temperatures. As empires and civilizations acquired new energies and technologies, they sought to expand. Through colonization and imperialization they built their empire across the world, while also building more industries and factories. However, this led to more greenhouse gases entering Earth’s atmosphere and shaping climate change as we know it.
Lastly, the impacts of the Industrial Revolution on climate change are also seen in Hawaiʻi. Since the Industrial Revolution, human activity and the emissions of CO2 into Earth’s atmosphere have increased tremendously. Scientists throughout Hawaiʻi have been measuring CO2 levels and have noticed a significant rise with the introduction of industrialization, and it has proven to have an effect on us today. In May of 2020, scientists recorded the highest measure of CO2 parts per million (ppm) in Hawaiʻi’s atmosphere, with 417.1 ppm, 2.4 ppm higher than last year’s peak. They say that because we continue to emit CO2, it is building up in our environment. They also say that if we do not stop producing greenhouse gases, regions of Hawaiʻi could be deemed uninhabitable in the years to come. As a result of this, Hawaiʻi’s Department of Health established the Hawaiʻi Greenhouse Gas Program. This program is designed to combat climate change in Hawaiʻi, by regulating greenhouse gas emissions statewide. The state says that if we continue to follow this plan, Hawaiʻi could reduce its greenhouse gas emission levels to those of 1990.
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Furthermore, during these times, class stratification was also created. The Industrial Revolution and industrialization created many privately owned industries. With the introduction of urbanization, people began to work in these industries in order to acquire money and provide for their families. Due to this, capitalism and inequality were both established and encouraged. This created a dichotomy of class to poverty or the Bourgeoisie (middle-class) to the Proletariat (working class). This marginalized the Proletariat, while the Bourgeoisie were able to obtain wealth and prosperity from the working class. The middle-class was able to focus on religion and entertainment, while others were continuously and tirelessly working. But this class stratification would also lead to many of history's most well-known revolutions.
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CrashCourse. (2012). Coal, Steam, and The Industrial Revolution: Crash Course World History #32. Retrieved from https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=zhL5DCizj5c
Gilman, L. (2008). Climate Change: In Context. Retrieved from Gale Ebooks website: https://go.gale.com/ps/retrieve.do?tabID=T003&resultListType=RESULT_LIST&searchResultsType=SingleTab&searchType=BasicSearchForm¤tPosition=1&docId=GALE%7CCX3079000068&docType=Topic+overview&sort=Relevance&contentSegment=&prodId=GVRL&contentSet=GALE%7CCX3079000068&searchId=R1&userGroupName=hono60741&inPS=true&ps=1&cp=1
Hu, F., & Bliss, L. (n.d.). Britannica School. Retrieved from school.eb.com website: https://school.eb.com/levels/high/article/tundra/73759#302379.toc
Mann, M. (n.d.). Britannica School. Retrieved from school.eb.com website: https://school.eb.com/levels/high/article/greenhouse-gas/473968
Selin, N. (n.d.). Britannica School. Retrieved June 20, 2020, from school.eb.com website: https://school.eb.com/levels/high/article/carbon-sequestration/474250
The Curious Classroom. (2013). A Brief Introduction to Marxism. Retrieved from https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=W0GFSUu5UzA
US EPA, O. (2015, December 29). Sources of Greenhouse Gas Emissions. Retrieved June 20, 2020, from US EPA website: https://www.epa.gov/ghgemissions/sources-greenhouse-gas-emissions#:~:text=Carbon%20dioxide%20(CO2)%20makes
Kealoha, D. (2020, June 19). Google Docs - create and edit documents online, for free. Retrieved from accounts.google.com website: https://docs.google.com/document/d/1FKr3rSH4iF22Y9xU1VrbKgVnSBYBObvVWZC9n6wUN38/edit
The Curious Classroom. (2013). A Brief Introduction to Marxism. Retrieved from https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=W0GFSUu5UzA
CrashCourse. (2012). The Agricultural Revolution: Crash Course World History #1. Retrieved from https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Yocja_N5s1I
CrashCourse. (2019). Scientific Revolution: Crash Course European History #12. Retrieved from https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=w70BkCqgyyI
Greenhouse Gas Emissions. (n.d.). Retrieved June 24, 2020, from dashboard.hawaii.gov website: https://dashboard.hawaii.gov/stat/goals/5xhf-begg/fgyu-2f7k/y5ya-s7nf
Kerbel, U. (2018, August). Renewable Energy Corporation. Retrieved from Renewable Energy Solar website: https://www.renewableenergysolar.net/solar/fossil-fuels-their-effect-on-the-environment/
NOAA. (2020, June 4). Rise of carbon dioxide unabated - Welcome to NOAA Research. Retrieved June 24, 2020, from research.noaa.gov website: https://research.noaa.gov/article/ArtMID/587/ArticleID/2636/Rise-of-carbon-dioxide-unabated
Revill, J. (2018, December 5). What was the role of the bourgeoisie in pre-revolutionary France? Retrieved from The Choices Program website: https://www.choices.edu/video/what-was-the-role-of-the-bourgeoisie-in-pre-revolutionary-france/
Siers-Poisson, J. (2013, November 26). Historian: Industrial Revolution Gave Us Lunch As We Know It. Retrieved from Wisconsin Public Radio website: https://www.wpr.org/historian-industrial-revolution-gave-us-lunch-we-know-it
State of Hawaii Department of Health, Clean Air Branch. (n.d.). Hawaii Greenhouse Gas Program. Retrieved June 24, 2020, from health.hawaii.gov website: https://health.hawaii.gov/cab/hawaii-greenhouse-gas-program/#:~:text=The%20Department%20of%20Health%20has
University of Hawaii at Manoa. (2013, September 4). Mānoa: Increased greenhouse gases and aerosols have similar effects on rainfall | University of Hawaii News. Retrieved June 24, 2020, from manoa.hawaii.edu website: https://manoa.hawaii.edu/news/article.php?aId=5942
Gilman, L. (2008). Climate Change: In Context. Retrieved from Gale Ebooks website: https://go.gale.com/ps/retrieve.do?tabID=T003&resultListType=RESULT_LIST&searchResultsType=SingleTab&searchType=BasicSearchForm¤tPosition=1&docId=GALE%7CCX3079000068&docType=Topic+overview&sort=Relevance&contentSegment=&prodId=GVRL&contentSet=GALE%7CCX3079000068&searchId=R1&userGroupName=hono60741&inPS=true&ps=1&cp=1
Hu, F., & Bliss, L. (n.d.). Britannica School. Retrieved from school.eb.com website: https://school.eb.com/levels/high/article/tundra/73759#302379.toc
Mann, M. (n.d.). Britannica School. Retrieved from school.eb.com website: https://school.eb.com/levels/high/article/greenhouse-gas/473968
Selin, N. (n.d.). Britannica School. Retrieved June 20, 2020, from school.eb.com website: https://school.eb.com/levels/high/article/carbon-sequestration/474250
The Curious Classroom. (2013). A Brief Introduction to Marxism. Retrieved from https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=W0GFSUu5UzA
US EPA, O. (2015, December 29). Sources of Greenhouse Gas Emissions. Retrieved June 20, 2020, from US EPA website: https://www.epa.gov/ghgemissions/sources-greenhouse-gas-emissions#:~:text=Carbon%20dioxide%20(CO2)%20makes
Kealoha, D. (2020, June 19). Google Docs - create and edit documents online, for free. Retrieved from accounts.google.com website: https://docs.google.com/document/d/1FKr3rSH4iF22Y9xU1VrbKgVnSBYBObvVWZC9n6wUN38/edit
The Curious Classroom. (2013). A Brief Introduction to Marxism. Retrieved from https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=W0GFSUu5UzA
CrashCourse. (2012). The Agricultural Revolution: Crash Course World History #1. Retrieved from https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Yocja_N5s1I
CrashCourse. (2019). Scientific Revolution: Crash Course European History #12. Retrieved from https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=w70BkCqgyyI
Greenhouse Gas Emissions. (n.d.). Retrieved June 24, 2020, from dashboard.hawaii.gov website: https://dashboard.hawaii.gov/stat/goals/5xhf-begg/fgyu-2f7k/y5ya-s7nf
Kerbel, U. (2018, August). Renewable Energy Corporation. Retrieved from Renewable Energy Solar website: https://www.renewableenergysolar.net/solar/fossil-fuels-their-effect-on-the-environment/
NOAA. (2020, June 4). Rise of carbon dioxide unabated - Welcome to NOAA Research. Retrieved June 24, 2020, from research.noaa.gov website: https://research.noaa.gov/article/ArtMID/587/ArticleID/2636/Rise-of-carbon-dioxide-unabated
Revill, J. (2018, December 5). What was the role of the bourgeoisie in pre-revolutionary France? Retrieved from The Choices Program website: https://www.choices.edu/video/what-was-the-role-of-the-bourgeoisie-in-pre-revolutionary-france/
Siers-Poisson, J. (2013, November 26). Historian: Industrial Revolution Gave Us Lunch As We Know It. Retrieved from Wisconsin Public Radio website: https://www.wpr.org/historian-industrial-revolution-gave-us-lunch-we-know-it
State of Hawaii Department of Health, Clean Air Branch. (n.d.). Hawaii Greenhouse Gas Program. Retrieved June 24, 2020, from health.hawaii.gov website: https://health.hawaii.gov/cab/hawaii-greenhouse-gas-program/#:~:text=The%20Department%20of%20Health%20has
University of Hawaii at Manoa. (2013, September 4). Mānoa: Increased greenhouse gases and aerosols have similar effects on rainfall | University of Hawaii News. Retrieved June 24, 2020, from manoa.hawaii.edu website: https://manoa.hawaii.edu/news/article.php?aId=5942
Comparison & Contrast of Current Revolutions to the Case Study of the French Revolution in History
The Industrial and French Revolutions correlate with our UN Development Goal of climate action because climate change was occurring during these times. During the Industrial Revolution, greenhouse gases were produced as a result of the transformation of coal and steam into energy. These gases created a rise in temperatures across the world, leading to global warming. This is why many people believe that the Industrial Revolution and industrialization were the driving forces for global climate change. Additionally, climate change, as a result of the Industrial Revolution, was also one of the factors that led to the French Revolution. On top of facing a financial crisis, France had also encountered a series of natural disasters and geographical issues due to climate change. These included extreme droughts, heavy rainfall, and severe cold for a series of summers and winters. These disasters ruined harvests for the Peasantry or the Third Estate, resulting in the depletion of food, the rise in hunger, and the need for the working class to buy bread from bakeries. But, due to low wages and severe taxations, the Peasantry soon saw a depletion in money as well. However, the Clergy (First Estate) and Nobility (Second Estate) faced no hardships because of the immense supply of resources available to them, which they were unwilling to distribute amongst those suffering. This infuriated the Third Estate, leading to riots, looting of local bakeries, and even executions of many shop owners. This violence would continue to grow, fueling a coup d'état that eventually led to the French Revolution.
Lastly, our Kahiau project issue of global climate change does not bridge the French Revolution with the Balck Lives Matter movement, but it is connected to these revolutions. Many environmentalists are saying that climate justice is directly associated with racial justice. The minorities that are fighting for their civil and human rights are also the ones at the frontline of the climate change movement. This is because the communities most affected by police brutality, discrimination, and white supremacy are also the communities experiencing the most severe effects of climate change. Others are also saying that with this inequality and racial dichotomy, addressing climate change is becoming more difficult, as we need to be united to fight this global crisis.
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The French Revolution compares to modern-day society through the recent Black Lives Matter movement and demands for police reformation. The disgusting deaths of George Floyd and Breonna Taylor, both of whom were African Americans, by police officers, provoked protests nationwide, including in Hawaiʻi. Protestors are demanding to end racism and police brutality through police reform. This concept is about improving relationships, holding police accountable, and protecting people’s civil rights. Additionally, others are also advocating to defund the police. Police departments in America are allocated the majority of a city’s budget. Therefore, protesters want to divest a portion of those funds for other purposes, one of the most important being assisting marginalized communities. Some might call this a modern revolution, but these people have no interest in staging a coup and are focused on improving our political system, as opposed to abolishing it. Furthermore, this demand for reformation has spurred protests across the globe. Although this movement begun in the U.S., it has expanded to the U.K., Australia, South Africa, France, South Korea, New Zealand, and more. From the French Revolution to now, people have continued to speak their minds and fight for what they believe is right.
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OverSimplified. (2019). The French Revolution - OverSimplified (Part 1) [YouTube Video].
Retrieved from https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=8qRZcXIODNU
Akana, H. (2020, June 24). French Revolution. Lecture. Retrieved June 24, 2020, from
https://drive.google.com/file/d/1qlVdBZgA5w_2e7o3dO5ESj2ihFB5gp9f/view.
Cheung, H. (2020, June 8). Why US protests are so powerful this time. BBC News. Retrieved from https://www.bbc.com/news/world-us-canada-52969905
CNN, S. A. (2020). There’s a growing call to defund the police. Here’s what it means. Retrieved from CNN website: https://www.cnn.com/2020/06/06/us/what-is-defund-police-trnd/index.html
DCAF. (n.d.). Police Reform. Retrieved from https://www.dcaf.ch/sites/default/files/publications/documents/DCAF_BG_16_Police%20Reform_0.pdf
FRONTLINE PBS. (2015). What is the Goal of Police Reform? | #AskFRONTLINE [YouTube Video]. Retrieved from https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=JFwRPXy0Rw8
Goodkind, N. (2020). This is what people mean when they say they want to defund the police. Retrieved June 24, 2020, from Fortune website: https://fortune.com/2020/06/08/defund-the-police-what-does-it-mean-protests-george-floyd/
“Pandemic of racism” led to George Floyd death. (2020, June 5). BBC News. Retrieved from https://www.bbc.com/news/world-us-canada-52928304#:~:text=George%20Floyd%20dies%20after%20being
Haynes, S. (2020). As Protesters Shine a Spotlight on Racial Injustice in America, the Reckoning Is Going Global. Retrieved from Time website: https://time.com/5851879/racial-injustice-protests-europe
Hewitt, F. (2020, June 9). “Racial Justice Is Climate Justice”: Why The Climate Movement Needs To Be Anti-Racist. Retrieved June 25, 2020, from www.wbur.org website: https://www.wbur.org/cognoscenti/2020/06/09/the-links-between-racism-and-the-environment-frederick-hewett
Lawson, J. (2020, June 18). Climate justice and the movement to end police brutality | Climate Solutions. Retrieved June 25, 2020, from www.climatesolutions.org website: https://www.climatesolutions.org/article/1592589954-climate-justice-and-movement-end-police-brutality
McKibben, B. (2020, June 4). Racism, Police Violence, and the Climate Are Not Separate Issues. Retrieved June 25, 2020, from The New Yorker website: https://www.newyorker.com/news/annals-of-a-warming-planet/racism-police-violence-and-the-climate-are-not-separate-issues
Brownstein, A. by R. (2020, June 23). The BLM protests preview the politics of a diversifying America. Retrieved June 25, 2020, from CNN website: https://www.cnn.com/2020/06/23/politics/black-lives-matter-support-impact/index.html
Mock, B. (2019, February 12). Bloomberg - Are you a robot? Retrieved June 25, 2020, from www.bloomberg.com website: https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2019-02-12/the-green-new-deal-vs-the-old-green-deals
Lee, J. (2020, June 13). Five factors behind the UK George Floyd protests. BBC News. Retrieved from https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-52997848
History Crunch. (2015). Causes of the French Revolution. Retrieved from History Crunch - History Articles, Summaries, Biographies, Resources and More website: https://www.historycrunch.com/causes-of-the-french-revolution.html#/
McIlvenna, U. (2019, September 30). How Bread Shortages Helped Ignite the French Revolution. Retrieved from HISTORY website: https://www.history.com/news/bread-french-revolution-marie-antoinette
Ursula, K. (n.d.). Change of Climate and the French Revolution 1789 | moneymuseum.com. Retrieved June 25, 2020, from www.moneymuseum.com website: https://www.moneymuseum.com/en/archive/the-french-revolution-1789-449?&slbox=true
CrashCourse. (2012). Coal, Steam, and The Industrial Revolution: Crash Course World History #32. Retrieved from https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=zhL5DCizj5c
Retrieved from https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=8qRZcXIODNU
Akana, H. (2020, June 24). French Revolution. Lecture. Retrieved June 24, 2020, from
https://drive.google.com/file/d/1qlVdBZgA5w_2e7o3dO5ESj2ihFB5gp9f/view.
Cheung, H. (2020, June 8). Why US protests are so powerful this time. BBC News. Retrieved from https://www.bbc.com/news/world-us-canada-52969905
CNN, S. A. (2020). There’s a growing call to defund the police. Here’s what it means. Retrieved from CNN website: https://www.cnn.com/2020/06/06/us/what-is-defund-police-trnd/index.html
DCAF. (n.d.). Police Reform. Retrieved from https://www.dcaf.ch/sites/default/files/publications/documents/DCAF_BG_16_Police%20Reform_0.pdf
FRONTLINE PBS. (2015). What is the Goal of Police Reform? | #AskFRONTLINE [YouTube Video]. Retrieved from https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=JFwRPXy0Rw8
Goodkind, N. (2020). This is what people mean when they say they want to defund the police. Retrieved June 24, 2020, from Fortune website: https://fortune.com/2020/06/08/defund-the-police-what-does-it-mean-protests-george-floyd/
“Pandemic of racism” led to George Floyd death. (2020, June 5). BBC News. Retrieved from https://www.bbc.com/news/world-us-canada-52928304#:~:text=George%20Floyd%20dies%20after%20being
Haynes, S. (2020). As Protesters Shine a Spotlight on Racial Injustice in America, the Reckoning Is Going Global. Retrieved from Time website: https://time.com/5851879/racial-injustice-protests-europe
Hewitt, F. (2020, June 9). “Racial Justice Is Climate Justice”: Why The Climate Movement Needs To Be Anti-Racist. Retrieved June 25, 2020, from www.wbur.org website: https://www.wbur.org/cognoscenti/2020/06/09/the-links-between-racism-and-the-environment-frederick-hewett
Lawson, J. (2020, June 18). Climate justice and the movement to end police brutality | Climate Solutions. Retrieved June 25, 2020, from www.climatesolutions.org website: https://www.climatesolutions.org/article/1592589954-climate-justice-and-movement-end-police-brutality
McKibben, B. (2020, June 4). Racism, Police Violence, and the Climate Are Not Separate Issues. Retrieved June 25, 2020, from The New Yorker website: https://www.newyorker.com/news/annals-of-a-warming-planet/racism-police-violence-and-the-climate-are-not-separate-issues
Brownstein, A. by R. (2020, June 23). The BLM protests preview the politics of a diversifying America. Retrieved June 25, 2020, from CNN website: https://www.cnn.com/2020/06/23/politics/black-lives-matter-support-impact/index.html
Mock, B. (2019, February 12). Bloomberg - Are you a robot? Retrieved June 25, 2020, from www.bloomberg.com website: https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2019-02-12/the-green-new-deal-vs-the-old-green-deals
Lee, J. (2020, June 13). Five factors behind the UK George Floyd protests. BBC News. Retrieved from https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-52997848
History Crunch. (2015). Causes of the French Revolution. Retrieved from History Crunch - History Articles, Summaries, Biographies, Resources and More website: https://www.historycrunch.com/causes-of-the-french-revolution.html#/
McIlvenna, U. (2019, September 30). How Bread Shortages Helped Ignite the French Revolution. Retrieved from HISTORY website: https://www.history.com/news/bread-french-revolution-marie-antoinette
Ursula, K. (n.d.). Change of Climate and the French Revolution 1789 | moneymuseum.com. Retrieved June 25, 2020, from www.moneymuseum.com website: https://www.moneymuseum.com/en/archive/the-french-revolution-1789-449?&slbox=true
CrashCourse. (2012). Coal, Steam, and The Industrial Revolution: Crash Course World History #32. Retrieved from https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=zhL5DCizj5c
Imperialism, Modern Warfare, & Identity Crisis
Furthermore, colonization and imperialism contribute to and impact modern revolutions happening currently such as the Black Lives Matter movement. This global movement is about fighting for and promoting freedom, liberation, and justice for people of color. But more recently, it has been focussed on putting an end to white supremacy and police brutality. Many people have been participating in mass peaceful protests, while others have also begun to target historical statues and monuments. Some of these include American colonizers, imperialists, and slave owners, such as Thomas Jefferson, George Washington, and Confederate soldiers. Others also include European colonizers and imperialists such as Juan de Oñate, Christopher Columbus, and John Sutter. To many people, these monuments are symbols of oppression, discrimination, and inequality, and they have no right to be displayed nor honored and celebrated. Also, although many people here in Hawaiʻi have not experienced the same racial discrimination as those in the Mainland USA, people have still come together in kapu aloha to show their support for this revolution. Many Hawaiʻi citizens have taken part in the numerous rallies, protests, and sign wavings held across the state. Thousands of people have even signed a petition demanding the immediate removal of all Captain Cook monuments in Hawaiʻi, as he was both a colonizer and imperialist. Lastly, our Kahiau project topic of climate action, in particular, does not bridge historical issues with the Black Lives Matter movement, but it does show another negative effect of colonization and imperialism.
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Factors of colonization and imperialism have played a significant role in aggravating our Kahiau issue of global climate change, which correlates with the UN Development Goal of climate action. This is because of industrialization and expansion. Throughout the 19th century and part of the Industrial Revolution, Europeans colonized native lands owned by people of color (POC), such as Africans, to secure new resources for industrialization. These included cotton, copper, iron, rubber, and coal. With these resources, Europeans expanded their empires, built more colonies, and established industries. However, this also made worse the problem of climate change. Climate change is essentially caused by the emission of carbon dioxide (CO2) into Earth’s atmosphere. European factories and industries not only produced CO2 but they also utilized fossil fuels, like coal and steam, that emit CO2. With access to new technologies, Europeans soon became dominant and built more industries across the world. But, this also meant more CO2 entering the atmosphere, therefore, propelling climate change.
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Selin, N. (n.d.). Britannica School. Retrieved from school.eb.com website: https://school.eb.com/levels/high/article/carbon-sequestration/474250
CrashCourse. (2012). Imperialism: Crash Course World History #35. Retrieved from https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=alJaltUmrGo
Jensen, Paul. (2014, February 19). Imperialism from the Indigenous Perspective. Retrieved from prezi.com website: https://prezi.com/wigrun-vqksx/imperialism-from-the-indigenous-perspective/
Akana, H. (2020, June 27). Imperialism, Modern Warfare & Identity Crisis. Lecture presented at Kamehameha Kapālama Summer School. Retrieved June 27, 2020, from https://drive.google.com/file/d/1kn7DaWeO8KI2kblnAQXYfbFRYyLCUg0B/view
Chris Brierley, T. C. (2019, February 3). Colonisation of the Americas killed 10% of world population and caused global cooling. Retrieved June 30, 2020, from Scroll.in website: https://scroll.in/article/911680/colonisation-of-the-americas-killed-10-of-world-population-and-caused-global-cooling
Vyas, K. (2019, May 24). Important Facts About the European Countries That Struggled During the Industrial Revolution. Retrieved June 30, 2020, from interestingengineering.com website: https://interestingengineering.com/important-facts-about-the-european-countries-that-struggled-during-the-industrial-revolution
Black Lives Matter. (2019). About. Retrieved from Black Lives Matter website: https://blacklivesmatter.com/about/
Daysog, D. A., Rick. (2020, June 6). Hawaii’s weekend Black Lives Matter protests drew thousands statewide. Retrieved June 30, 2020, from https://www.hawaiinewsnow.com website: https://www.hawaiinewsnow.com/2020/06/06/around-hawaii-thousands-take-streets-black-lives-matter-protests/
Dowd, E. (2020, June 26). Thousands sign petition calling for the removal of all Captain Cook monuments in Hawaii. Retrieved June 30, 2020, from www.kitv.com website: https://www.kitv.com/story/42293149/thousands-sign-petition-calling-for-the-removal-of-all-captain-cook-monuments-in-hawaii
Homan, T. R. (2020, June 12). A list of the statues across the US toppled, vandalized or officially removed amid protests. Retrieved June 30, 2020, from TheHill website: https://thehill.com/homenews/state-watch/502492-list-statues-toppled-vandalized-removed-protests
Mervosh, S., Romero, S., & Tompkins, L. (2020, June 16). Reconsidering the Past, One Statue at a Time. The New York Times. Retrieved from https://www.nytimes.com/2020/06/16/us/protests-statues-reckoning.html
Oregonian/OregonLive, L. A. | T., & Oregonian/OregonLive, J. G. | T. (2020, June 15). Protesters pull down Thomas Jefferson statue in front of Portland high school. Retrieved June 30, 2020, from oregonlive website: https://www.oregonlive.com/portland/2020/06/protesters-take-down-thomas-jefferson-statue-in-front-of-portlands-jefferson-high-school.html
Alem Tedeneke. (2016, August 11). The Black Lives Matter movement explained. Retrieved from World Economic Forum website: https://www.weforum.org/agenda/2016/08/black-lives-matter-movement-explained/
BellaNaija.com. (2020, June 8). Leopold, Edward Colston, Robert E. Lee – Racist Statues are Being Taken Down Across the World. Retrieved June 30, 2020, from BellaNaija website: https://www.bellanaija.com/2020/06/leopold-edward-colston-robert-e-lee/
CrashCourse. (2012). Imperialism: Crash Course World History #35. Retrieved from https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=alJaltUmrGo
Jensen, Paul. (2014, February 19). Imperialism from the Indigenous Perspective. Retrieved from prezi.com website: https://prezi.com/wigrun-vqksx/imperialism-from-the-indigenous-perspective/
Akana, H. (2020, June 27). Imperialism, Modern Warfare & Identity Crisis. Lecture presented at Kamehameha Kapālama Summer School. Retrieved June 27, 2020, from https://drive.google.com/file/d/1kn7DaWeO8KI2kblnAQXYfbFRYyLCUg0B/view
Chris Brierley, T. C. (2019, February 3). Colonisation of the Americas killed 10% of world population and caused global cooling. Retrieved June 30, 2020, from Scroll.in website: https://scroll.in/article/911680/colonisation-of-the-americas-killed-10-of-world-population-and-caused-global-cooling
Vyas, K. (2019, May 24). Important Facts About the European Countries That Struggled During the Industrial Revolution. Retrieved June 30, 2020, from interestingengineering.com website: https://interestingengineering.com/important-facts-about-the-european-countries-that-struggled-during-the-industrial-revolution
Black Lives Matter. (2019). About. Retrieved from Black Lives Matter website: https://blacklivesmatter.com/about/
Daysog, D. A., Rick. (2020, June 6). Hawaii’s weekend Black Lives Matter protests drew thousands statewide. Retrieved June 30, 2020, from https://www.hawaiinewsnow.com website: https://www.hawaiinewsnow.com/2020/06/06/around-hawaii-thousands-take-streets-black-lives-matter-protests/
Dowd, E. (2020, June 26). Thousands sign petition calling for the removal of all Captain Cook monuments in Hawaii. Retrieved June 30, 2020, from www.kitv.com website: https://www.kitv.com/story/42293149/thousands-sign-petition-calling-for-the-removal-of-all-captain-cook-monuments-in-hawaii
Homan, T. R. (2020, June 12). A list of the statues across the US toppled, vandalized or officially removed amid protests. Retrieved June 30, 2020, from TheHill website: https://thehill.com/homenews/state-watch/502492-list-statues-toppled-vandalized-removed-protests
Mervosh, S., Romero, S., & Tompkins, L. (2020, June 16). Reconsidering the Past, One Statue at a Time. The New York Times. Retrieved from https://www.nytimes.com/2020/06/16/us/protests-statues-reckoning.html
Oregonian/OregonLive, L. A. | T., & Oregonian/OregonLive, J. G. | T. (2020, June 15). Protesters pull down Thomas Jefferson statue in front of Portland high school. Retrieved June 30, 2020, from oregonlive website: https://www.oregonlive.com/portland/2020/06/protesters-take-down-thomas-jefferson-statue-in-front-of-portlands-jefferson-high-school.html
Alem Tedeneke. (2016, August 11). The Black Lives Matter movement explained. Retrieved from World Economic Forum website: https://www.weforum.org/agenda/2016/08/black-lives-matter-movement-explained/
BellaNaija.com. (2020, June 8). Leopold, Edward Colston, Robert E. Lee – Racist Statues are Being Taken Down Across the World. Retrieved June 30, 2020, from BellaNaija website: https://www.bellanaija.com/2020/06/leopold-edward-colston-robert-e-lee/
Connections to World War
Developments of World War I in science, modern warfare tactics, and the Treaty of Versailles collectively impacted our Kahiau project issue of global climate change that correlates with the UN Development Goal of climate action by perpetuating the issue. One example of this is shown in the creation of new weaponry as a result of innovation during the Scientific Revolution. Nations around the world began to incorporate science into warfare in order to develop advanced technologies that could be used to defend themselves. However, some of these inventions negatively impacted our environment and climate change. One of these was airplanes. Many nations used airplanes and air forces as a military tool. However, airplanes run on fossil fuels, therefore, they emit carbon dioxide into the atmosphere. As planes continue to fly, carbon dioxide continues to accumulate. This causes tremendous temperature spikes as clouds have the same warming effect as greenhouse gasses. Another one of these inventions was the tank. Tanks were used by militaries as an alternative to fighting on foot in battle. However, the turbine engines that power military tanks combust thousands of pounds of fossil fuels per hour. This also means that an abundance of carbon dioxide is being discharged into Earth’s atmosphere with every tank.
Lastly, the technology of the scientific improvements of the World War did not contribute to nor impact modern revolutions happening currently. However, the political shift in the Treaty of Versailles most certainly did, as seen in the Black Lives Matter movement. The treaty impacted class stratification for people of color due to the encouragement of colonization. It allowed the Allied Powers to obtain land owned by people of color (POC). These nations used imperialism and force to conquer POC and their civilizations. During the process, the Allies also gained political control, establishing class stratification and racial dichotomies of Europeans (Whites) to natives (POC). This is seen in the European influences on South Africa, with the Apartheid, and Australia, as mentioned in the Rabbit-Proof Fence. But it also impacted the rights of small nations and Pacific-Islanders as the Allies expanded to Hawaiʻi, Tahiti, and New Zealand. Furthermore, the language of the treaty also promoted racial bias, discrimination, and segregation. The Treaty of Versailles emphasized the untrustworthiness of POC and colored communities, and how they did not deserve global power because of that. This reinforced racial inequality in many parts of the world. Sadly, we are able to see this same concept in the Black Lives Matter movement. This is because protestors are fighting to eradicate the white supremacy and racism brought upon with the Treaty of Versailles. America’s modern-day society has been facing a massive racism issue. Therefore, people across the country, not just POC, are demanding equality and equal rights.
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Additionally, the Treaty of Versailles perpetuated climate change by establishing class stratification. The Allied Powers (Britain, America, and France) created the treaty to work in their favor. As a result of the Allies winning World War I, they divided the world based on their own political and empirical connections. They became dominant global forces, establishing class stratification in numerous parts of the world through colonization and imperialism. However, this perpetuated climate change. Class stratification divides people and communities based on power and access to resources, resulting in an ununited global community. However, climate change requires collaboration and multilateralism. But, this inequality in social power hinders our ability to cooperate and work together.
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Akana, H. (30, June 2020). The First Big Fight: How, When, Why, Then, What? Lecture presented at Kamehameha Kapālama Summer School. Retrieved June 30, 2020, from https://drive.google.com/file/d/16wi9aEf8zOQzD9eoq-4sbn5HRW4h7xDr/view.
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CrashCourse. (2012). Archdukes, Cynicism, and World War I: Crash Course World History #36. Retrieved from https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=_XPZQ0LAlR4
CrashCourse. (2014). HOW World War I Started: Crash Course World History 209. Retrieved from https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Cd2ch4XV84s
HISTORY. (2014a). Bet You Didn’t Know: World War I | History [YouTube Video]. Retrieved from https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=2mjqi-QyO1E
HISTORY. (2014b). Legacy of World War I | History. Retrieved from https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=jO-QWFwosk8
HISTORY. (2014c). Nationalism and WWI | History [YouTube Video]. Retrieved from https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=GzCe4qg8K0E
HISTORY. (2014d). Tech Developments of World War I | History. Retrieved from https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=k7v3cq1ZJjM
Akana, H. (2020, July 01). InterWar Years: In Between WWI & WW2. Lecture presented at Kamehameha Kapālama Summer School. Retrieved July 01, 2020, from https://drive.google.com/file/d/13wU5AgIxysOjp-bTBVYWcm7agTz6vDBH/view
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History.com Editors. (2018, September 4). Apartheid. Retrieved from HISTORY website: https://www.history.com/topics/africa/apartheid
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Michael Le Page. (2019). It turns out planes are even worse for the climate than we thought. Retrieved from New Scientist website: https://www.newscientist.com/article/2207886-it-turns-out-planes-are-even-worse-for-the-climate-than-we-thought/
United States Army War College. (2019). Implications of Climate Change for the U.S. Army. Retrieved July 1, 2020, from Climate and Security website: https://climateandsecurity.files.wordpress.com/2019/07/implications-of-climate-change-for-us-army_army-war-college_2019.pdf
Molli. (2020, January 6). Top 10 facts about the Treaty of Versailles. Retrieved from Discover Walks Blog website: https://www.discoverwalks.com/blog/paris/top-10-facts-about-the-treaty-of-versailles/
Hunt, D. (2012, March 10). World War 1 History: First Tank Versus Tank Battle. Retrieved from Owlcation website: https://owlcation.com/humanities/WWI-First-Tank-Versus-Tank-Battle
National Museum of the United States Air Force. (2015). WWI Production. Retrieved from National Museum of the United States Air ForceTM website: https://www.nationalmuseum.af.mil/Visit/Museum-Exhibits/Fact-Sheets/Display/Article/197455/wwi-production/
Black Lives Matter. (2019). About. Retrieved from Black Lives Matter website: https://blacklivesmatter.com/about/
Shannon, M. (2020, March 30). Essay: The Apartheid Lie. Retrieved from AIJAC website: https://aijac.org.au/australia-israel-review/essay-the-apartheid-lie/
Thompson, A. (2020, June 3). VIDEO: Wolfville protest calls for end of ‘years and years of pain’ linked to racism. Retrieved July 2, 2020, from Saltwire.com website: https://www.saltwire.com/news/provincial/video-wolfville-protest-calls-for-end-of-years-and-years-of-pain-linked-to-racism-457460/
Between WW1, WW2, & the Great Depression
However, over time, some of these societies encountered economic problems, as seen in the Great Depression. The Great Depression was a period of economic crisis, low business activity, and widespread poverty. This lengthy and devastating depression affected many countries, fueling greed, fear, and speculation worldwide. These feelings would then incite more conflict, leading to World War II. With access to new resources and energies, advanced warfare tactics and weapons were introduced. These included enhanced guns, airplanes, tanks, and, the newly discovered, atomic bomb. Not only would these weapons cause mass destruction, but they would also shape both modern warfare and the climate crisis. Militaries across the globe left, and continue to leave, a huge carbon footprint. This is because many of the weapons used during World Wars I and II, and brought into modern warfare, emit carbon dioxide into Earth’s atmosphere. These include nuclear arsenals, aircraft, and armored vehicles. As carbon dioxide accumulates, it creates a net warming effect, causing global warming and, therefore, climate change across many world regions.
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Developments of World War in science, the Treaty of Versailles, the Great Depression, and modern warfare work together to perpetuate global climate change, which correlates to the UN Development Goal of climate action, through cause and effect. During the Scientific Revolution, new discoveries and theories were made. Enlightenment theorists and scientists developed a better understanding of our society. This collective learning was applied in World War. Inventors and militaries used innovation, based on science, to construct the “first” modernized weapons and technologies. These defenses were used throughout World War I. They assisted the Allies on the battlefield, allowing them to eventually win. Their victory in the Great War led to the political document known as the Treaty of Versailles. This treaty imposed harsh sanctions on Germany, forcing them to accept responsibility for World War I. It also led to economic difficulties and the rise of new political leaders for the Germans. But the treaty also dived the world geographically, established class stratification, and stripped the rights of small nations. This also allowed the Allies to create modernized civilizations and cities through colonialism and imperialism.
Furthermore, climate change does not help to bridge events from the World Wars to now. However, there are many connections between historical events and our modern-day society. One example of this is seen in the creation of the Treaty of Versailles and the Black Lives Matter revolution. The Treaty of Versailles was established by the Allied Powers as a way to gain superiority and global dominance. The treaty was written to work in their favor, providing them with the best post-war situations possible. It also allowed them to explore, expand, and conquer more land, as other nations were marginalized and portrayed as inferior. But the document was most well-known for its discrimination against the German people, having harsh impacts on Germany’s economy and military forces. Similarly, the Black Lives Matter movement is about putting an end to the unequal social environment built as a result of the Treaty of Versailles. Protestors are fighting to end discrimination and bias, primarily against people of color, and the racial dichotomy built as a result of that. They are also demanding to end white supremacy and the concept of one person being more superior than another. Also, another connection can be seen between the Great Depression and the coronavirus pandemic. As a result of the stock market crash in 1929, the Great Depression started. During this time, numerous people faced unemployment, financial loss, and poverty-related issues. On top of that, there was an economic shut down as many industries and jobs were forced to close. Similarly, COVID-19 has displayed the same effects on us today. As the virus spread around the world, it forced a worldwide lockdown. However, this impacted many people. Global unemployment rates are at its peak due to economic decline and industrial company furloughs. Numerous people are also struggling to survive on no income. Many small businesses have even been forced to close down, and others are fighting to stay open. Lastly, this global pandemic also relates to World War. This is because during World War, and more so during the Great War, the spread of diseases had a huge effect on populations. Although fighting created bloodshed, diseases were the most efficient killers. Some of these included typhus, cholera, and gang green. But one of the most deadly diseases was influenza, killing three times the number of people killed by the war itself. Comparably, the coronavirus has had the same effect on global populations. Over 11 million people have caught COVID-19, while 525 thousand people have died from the illness. But these numbers are continuing to grow as scientists are still racing to find a vaccination.
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Akana, H. (2020, July 02). WW2 & The Great Depression. Lecture presented at Kamehameha Kapālama Summer School 2020. Retrieved July 02, 2020, from https://drive.google.com/file/d/1Fql8BoZcEW9Wv1XBqfYDCrvDJmCCnseY/view
WatchMojo.com. (2011a). World War II: How Did It End? [YouTube Video]. Retrieved from https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=OPcRfzRtM9o
WatchMojo.com. (2011b). World War II: How Did It Start? [YouTube Video]. Retrieved from https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=PCXSuaOozDE
WatchMojo.com. (2011c). World War II: Nuclear Bombings of Japan. Retrieved from https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=v5OI9xrJ8Zw
WatchMojo.com. (2018). Top 10 Weapons that Won World War II [YouTube Video]. Retrieved from https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=EBIPi70gsvQ
Bender, J. (2015, January 28). This Map Shows How Many More Military Aircraft The US Has Than Every Other Country On Earth. Retrieved July 3, 2020, from Business Insider website: https://www.businessinsider.com/military-aircraft-strength-of-every-country-2015-1#:~:text=MapChart.net%20The%20US%20boasts
Letters. (2020, January 16). Nuclear weapons worsen the climate crisis | Letter. Retrieved July 3, 2020, from the Guardian website: https://www.theguardian.com/world/2020/jan/16/nuclear-weapons-worsen-the-climate-crisis
Michael Le Page. (2019). It turns out planes are even worse for the climate than we thought. Retrieved from New Scientist website: https://www.newscientist.com/article/2207886-it-turns-out-planes-are-even-worse-for-the-climate-than-we-thought/
Neimark, B., Belcher, O., & Bigger, P. (2019, June 25). U.S. Military Produces More Greenhouse Gas Emissions Than up to 140 Countries. Retrieved from Newsweek website: https://www.newsweek.com/us-military-greenhouse-gases-140-countries-1445674
Physicians for Social Responsibility. (2017). Climate Change & Nuclear Weapons Use. Retrieved July 3, 2020, from PSR Wisconsin website: https://psr-wisconsin.org/climate-change-nuclear-weapons-use
United States Army War College. (2019). Implications of Climate Change for the U.S. Army. Retrieved July 3, 2020, from Climate and Security website: https://climateandsecurity.files.wordpress.com/2019/07/implications-of-climate-change-for-us-army_army-war-college_2019.pdf
Akana, H. (2020, July 01). InterWar Years: In Between WWI & WW2. Lecture presented at Kamehameha Kapālama Summer School. Retrieved July 01, 2020, from https://drive.google.com/file/d/13wU5AgIxysOjp-bTBVYWcm7agTz6vDBH/view
WatchMojo.com. (2010a). World War I - Treaty of Versailles. Retrieved from https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=gKzZ1OwPXgk
WatchMojo.com. (2010b). WWI - The Aftermath. Retrieved from https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Hl5OqQVaD9Y
CrashCourse. (2019). Scientific Revolution: Crash Course European History #12. Retrieved from https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=w70BkCqgyyI
Mann, M. E. (n.d.). Britannica School. Retrieved from school.eb.com website: https://school.eb.com/levels/high/article/greenhouse-gas/473968
Akana, H. (2020, June 17). Evolution to Agricultural & Scientific Revolution. Lecture presented at Kamehameha Kapālama Summer School 2020. Retrieved July 03, 2020, from https://drive.google.com/file/d/1beGdHJyEn1iryHUAGG9kXFKeD9nwPHWa/view
Mock, G. (2018). How the Trauma and Struggles of World War I Helped Shape the Modern World. Retrieved from today.duke.edu website: https://today.duke.edu/2018/11/how-trauma-and-struggles-world-war-i-helped-shape-modern-world
PBS. (2019). The Great Depression | American Experience | PBS. Retrieved from Pbs.org website: https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/americanexperience/features/dustbowl-great-depression/
Pruitt, S. (2018, September 27). World War II Bombings Were So Powerful They Sent Shockwaves to Space. Retrieved from HISTORY website: https://www.history.com/news/world-war-ii-allied-bombings-shockwaves-space
Young, L. (2018). The Real Scientific Revolution Behind “Frankenstein.” Retrieved July 4, 2020, from Science Friday website: https://www.sciencefriday.com/articles/real-scientific-revolution-behind-frankenstein/
Black Lives Matter. (2019). About. Retrieved from Black Lives Matter website: https://blacklivesmatter.com/about/
Gershon, L. (2020, May 20). One Parallel for the Coronavirus Crisis? The Great Depression. Retrieved July 4, 2020, from JSTOR Daily website: https://daily.jstor.org/one-parallel-for-the-coronavirus-crisis-the-great-depression/
Gumede, W. (2020, May 3). The impact of coronavirus could compare to the Great Depression. Retrieved from www.aljazeera.com website: https://www.aljazeera.com/indepth/opinion/impact-coronavirus-compare-great-depression-200420070542882.html
Akana, H. (30, June 2020). The First Big Fight: How, When, Why, Then, What? Lecture presented at Kamehameha Kapālama Summer School. Retrieved June 30, 2020, from https://drive.google.com/file/d/16wi9aEf8zOQzD9eoq-4sbn5HRW4h7xDr/view
Pettersson, H., Manley, B., Sergio Hernandez, S., & CNN. (2020). Tracking coronavirus’ global spread. Retrieved from CNN website: https://www.cnn.com/interactive/2020/health/coronavirus-maps-and-cases/
Christensen, J. (2020, January 20). China’s new SARS-like virus is spreading. Retrieved from CNN website: https://www.cnn.com/2020/01/20/health/what-is-coronavirus-explained/index.html
Dale, M. L., Michael Rubinkam and Maryclaire. (2020). Virus outbreak: Inmates being freed; long lines at food bank. Retrieved July 4, 2020, from The Philadelphia Tribune website: https://www.phillytrib.com/news/health/coronavirus/virus-outbreak-inmates-being-freed-long-lines-at-food-bank/article_4819bfa5-17dd-5908-9c66-09ca4c9b97b5.html
Park, I. (2020). Students portray Black Lives Matter movement in US and Brazil through art. Retrieved July 4, 2020, from The Chronicle website: https://www.dukechronicle.com/article/2020/04/duke-students-black-lives-matter-movement-us-art-brazil
WatchMojo.com. (2011a). World War II: How Did It End? [YouTube Video]. Retrieved from https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=OPcRfzRtM9o
WatchMojo.com. (2011b). World War II: How Did It Start? [YouTube Video]. Retrieved from https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=PCXSuaOozDE
WatchMojo.com. (2011c). World War II: Nuclear Bombings of Japan. Retrieved from https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=v5OI9xrJ8Zw
WatchMojo.com. (2018). Top 10 Weapons that Won World War II [YouTube Video]. Retrieved from https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=EBIPi70gsvQ
Bender, J. (2015, January 28). This Map Shows How Many More Military Aircraft The US Has Than Every Other Country On Earth. Retrieved July 3, 2020, from Business Insider website: https://www.businessinsider.com/military-aircraft-strength-of-every-country-2015-1#:~:text=MapChart.net%20The%20US%20boasts
Letters. (2020, January 16). Nuclear weapons worsen the climate crisis | Letter. Retrieved July 3, 2020, from the Guardian website: https://www.theguardian.com/world/2020/jan/16/nuclear-weapons-worsen-the-climate-crisis
Michael Le Page. (2019). It turns out planes are even worse for the climate than we thought. Retrieved from New Scientist website: https://www.newscientist.com/article/2207886-it-turns-out-planes-are-even-worse-for-the-climate-than-we-thought/
Neimark, B., Belcher, O., & Bigger, P. (2019, June 25). U.S. Military Produces More Greenhouse Gas Emissions Than up to 140 Countries. Retrieved from Newsweek website: https://www.newsweek.com/us-military-greenhouse-gases-140-countries-1445674
Physicians for Social Responsibility. (2017). Climate Change & Nuclear Weapons Use. Retrieved July 3, 2020, from PSR Wisconsin website: https://psr-wisconsin.org/climate-change-nuclear-weapons-use
United States Army War College. (2019). Implications of Climate Change for the U.S. Army. Retrieved July 3, 2020, from Climate and Security website: https://climateandsecurity.files.wordpress.com/2019/07/implications-of-climate-change-for-us-army_army-war-college_2019.pdf
Akana, H. (2020, July 01). InterWar Years: In Between WWI & WW2. Lecture presented at Kamehameha Kapālama Summer School. Retrieved July 01, 2020, from https://drive.google.com/file/d/13wU5AgIxysOjp-bTBVYWcm7agTz6vDBH/view
WatchMojo.com. (2010a). World War I - Treaty of Versailles. Retrieved from https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=gKzZ1OwPXgk
WatchMojo.com. (2010b). WWI - The Aftermath. Retrieved from https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Hl5OqQVaD9Y
CrashCourse. (2019). Scientific Revolution: Crash Course European History #12. Retrieved from https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=w70BkCqgyyI
Mann, M. E. (n.d.). Britannica School. Retrieved from school.eb.com website: https://school.eb.com/levels/high/article/greenhouse-gas/473968
Akana, H. (2020, June 17). Evolution to Agricultural & Scientific Revolution. Lecture presented at Kamehameha Kapālama Summer School 2020. Retrieved July 03, 2020, from https://drive.google.com/file/d/1beGdHJyEn1iryHUAGG9kXFKeD9nwPHWa/view
Mock, G. (2018). How the Trauma and Struggles of World War I Helped Shape the Modern World. Retrieved from today.duke.edu website: https://today.duke.edu/2018/11/how-trauma-and-struggles-world-war-i-helped-shape-modern-world
PBS. (2019). The Great Depression | American Experience | PBS. Retrieved from Pbs.org website: https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/americanexperience/features/dustbowl-great-depression/
Pruitt, S. (2018, September 27). World War II Bombings Were So Powerful They Sent Shockwaves to Space. Retrieved from HISTORY website: https://www.history.com/news/world-war-ii-allied-bombings-shockwaves-space
Young, L. (2018). The Real Scientific Revolution Behind “Frankenstein.” Retrieved July 4, 2020, from Science Friday website: https://www.sciencefriday.com/articles/real-scientific-revolution-behind-frankenstein/
Black Lives Matter. (2019). About. Retrieved from Black Lives Matter website: https://blacklivesmatter.com/about/
Gershon, L. (2020, May 20). One Parallel for the Coronavirus Crisis? The Great Depression. Retrieved July 4, 2020, from JSTOR Daily website: https://daily.jstor.org/one-parallel-for-the-coronavirus-crisis-the-great-depression/
Gumede, W. (2020, May 3). The impact of coronavirus could compare to the Great Depression. Retrieved from www.aljazeera.com website: https://www.aljazeera.com/indepth/opinion/impact-coronavirus-compare-great-depression-200420070542882.html
Akana, H. (30, June 2020). The First Big Fight: How, When, Why, Then, What? Lecture presented at Kamehameha Kapālama Summer School. Retrieved June 30, 2020, from https://drive.google.com/file/d/16wi9aEf8zOQzD9eoq-4sbn5HRW4h7xDr/view
Pettersson, H., Manley, B., Sergio Hernandez, S., & CNN. (2020). Tracking coronavirus’ global spread. Retrieved from CNN website: https://www.cnn.com/interactive/2020/health/coronavirus-maps-and-cases/
Christensen, J. (2020, January 20). China’s new SARS-like virus is spreading. Retrieved from CNN website: https://www.cnn.com/2020/01/20/health/what-is-coronavirus-explained/index.html
Dale, M. L., Michael Rubinkam and Maryclaire. (2020). Virus outbreak: Inmates being freed; long lines at food bank. Retrieved July 4, 2020, from The Philadelphia Tribune website: https://www.phillytrib.com/news/health/coronavirus/virus-outbreak-inmates-being-freed-long-lines-at-food-bank/article_4819bfa5-17dd-5908-9c66-09ca4c9b97b5.html
Park, I. (2020). Students portray Black Lives Matter movement in US and Brazil through art. Retrieved July 4, 2020, from The Chronicle website: https://www.dukechronicle.com/article/2020/04/duke-students-black-lives-matter-movement-us-art-brazil
WW2, The Great Depression, & Atrocities of Imperialism & Nuclear Warfare
Developments of World War 2, nuclear warfare, discoveries in science, modern warfare tactics, and economic and political impacts of America as a dominant empire collectively relate to global climate change and the UN Development Goal of climate action. This is seen in the creation of new military inventions and technologies such as the atomic bomb, hydrogen bomb, and bomber aircraft. After World War 1, the United States and the Allies focussed on expansion through colonialism, imperialism, and the creation of the Treaty of Versailles. However, they then turned their attention to nuclear warfare as scientists and enlightenment theorists of the Scientific Revolution cautioned the possibility of Hitler and the Nazi party developing nuclear weapons. With the “need and duty” to control nuclear warfare, America, with the help of Canada and Great Britain, established the Manhattan Project. This nuclear research program led to the creation of the first-ever atomic bomb, known as the Little Boy, and a second, more powerful bomb, known as the Fat Man. The Little Boy was a uranium bomb with a gun barrel design system. On the other hand, the Fat Man was a plutonium bomb with an implosion method. The Fat Man produced almost 10 kilotons more of explosive power, therefore, it was much more dangerous. But the Little Boy could create mass destruction as well. The Bockscar Bomber was also a significant invention during the war as it would have been the aircraft to carry and release the Fat Man bomb.
Additionally, events of World War 2 connect to the rhetoric of fear for safety and security from the threat of a possible World War 3 and nuclear war through the development and improvement of nuclear weapons. The bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki have shown the world how harsh the impacts and effects of atomic bombs and nuclear warfare can be. But for some nations, these newly developed technologies are seen as great tools as they can provide defensive and offensive protection. For that reason, the United States, Russia, France, the United Kingdom, and China have already constructed nuclear weapons and are even considered nuclear weapon states. Other countries, such as Israel, India, Pakistan, and North Korea, are also currently building more advanced and powerful nuclear arsenals. However, some people are saying that this could lead to World War 3 being a predominantly nuclear war. This is because tensions and conflicts between countries are building up worldwide, creating a “demand” for nuclear weapons such as missiles, armed vehicles, and even atomic bombs. But this would have a huge impact on the climate crisis. Large blasts from nuclear explosions could result in debris entering Earth’s atmosphere and blocking the sun, creating even more drastic temperature changes. Nuclear explosions could also produce extreme radiation, similar to being directly exposed to the sun. Therefore, World War 3 could be the driving force for devastating climate change effects unlike ever before.
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All of these weapons played an important role in ending World War 2 by forcing the Japanese to surrender to the Allies, through the bombing of two Japanese cities (Hiroshima and Nagasaki). However, they would also perpetuate climate change. The aftermath of nuclear weapons and arsenals results in ozone depletion and extreme ultraviolet (UV) radiation exposure. Nuclear explosions can also contaminate Earth’s land and water sources, therefore, destroying our climate and creating geographical and environmental issues unlike ever before. For example, a study conducted by scientists and environmentalists in 2019 found that the use of just 10% of nuclear weapons worldwide could stop all rain in India and Central China while reducing precipitation in other parts of the world by as much as 30%. It would take 10 years for rainfall to return to pre-nuclear exposure levels, resulting in not just an environmental crisis, but also a humanitarian crisis.
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Akana, H. (2020, July 06). Ending the War in WW2 but the Atrocities & Imperialism Lives On. Lecture presented at Kamehameha Kapālama Summer School 2020. Retrieved July 06, 2020, from https://drive.google.com/file/d/161_6U7mr0eCDydQ9x4KDrm70npR4jylv/view
Bradbury, E., & Blakeslee, S. (2018, August). The harrowing story of the Nagasaki bombing mission - Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists. Retrieved from Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists website: https://thebulletin.org/2015/08/the-harrowing-story-of-the-nagasaki-bombing-mission/
Choi, M. (2013). YouTube. Retrieved July 6, 2020, from www.youtube.com website: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=310-GYiitpM
DOXAFestival. (2012). DOXA 2012 | Nuclear Savage. Retrieved from https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=wqdRIt1EnkY
YouTube. (n.d.). Retrieved July 6, 2020, from www.youtube.com website: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=2oYIk7ae8hI
Akana, H. (2020, July 02). WW2 & The Great Depression. Lecture presented at Kamehameha Kapālama Summer School 2020. Retrieved July 02, 2020, from https://drive.google.com/file/d/1Fql8BoZcEW9Wv1XBqfYDCrvDJmCCnseY/view
WatchMojo.com. (2011a). World War II: How Did It End? [YouTube Video]. Retrieved from https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=OPcRfzRtM9o
WatchMojo.com. (2011b). World War II: How Did It Start? [YouTube Video]. Retrieved from https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=PCXSuaOozDE
WatchMojo.com. (2011c). World War II: Nuclear Bombings of Japan. Retrieved from https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=v5OI9xrJ8Zw
WatchMojo.com. (2018). Top 10 Weapons that Won World War II [YouTube Video]. Retrieved from https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=EBIPi70gsvQ
Letters. (2020, January 16). Nuclear weapons worsen the climate crisis | Letter. Retrieved July 3, 2020, from the Guardian website: https://www.theguardian.com/world/2020/jan/16/nuclear-weapons-worsen-the-climate-crisis
Physicians for Social Responsibility. (2017). Climate Change & Nuclear Weapons Use. Retrieved July 3, 2020, from PSR Wisconsin website: https://psr-wisconsin.org/climate-change-nuclear-weapons-use
Lewis, D. P. (2015). August 1945: The atomic bomb is detonated over Hiroshima. Www.Chathamhouse.Org. Retrieved from https://www.chathamhouse.org/publication/twt/detonation-atomic-weapons-over-japan-was-dawn-new-age
Radhika Chalasani. (2015, August 6). A look back: The atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki. Retrieved from Cbsnews.com website: https://www.cbsnews.com/pictures/anniversary-hiroshima-nagasaki-atomic-bomb-world-war-ii/19/
Climate Change Post. (2018). Even if we reach the Paris Agreement targets, droughts will still strongly increase. Retrieved July 7, 2020, from Climatechangepost.com website: https://www.climatechangepost.com/news/2018/7/25/even-if-we-reach-paris-agreement-targets-droughts-/
Pacific Northwest National Laboratory. (n.d.). PNNL: Retrieved July 7, 2020, from www.pnnl.gov website: https://www.pnnl.gov/science/highlights/highlight.asp?groupid=749&id=667
Martin, S. (2020, February 28). World War 3 warning: Nuclear war could spell the END for humanity. Retrieved July 3, 2020, from Express.co.uk website: https://www.express.co.uk/news/science/1248704/world-war-3-news-nuclear-war-weapons-nuclear-fallout-world-news
Bradley, C. (2020, February 5). World War 3: Why Donald Trump risks ‘all-out nuclear war’ with huge Russia challenge. Retrieved July 7, 2020, from Express.co.uk website: https://www.express.co.uk/news/world/1238355/world-war-3-donald-trump-all-out-nuclear-war-huge-russia-challenge-vladimir-putin-spt
Brumfiel, G. (2019). Trump Administration Begins Production Of A New Nuclear Weapon. Retrieved July 7, 2020, from NPR.org website: https://www.npr.org/2019/01/28/689510716/trump-administration-begins-production-of-a-new-nuclear-weapon
Gramenz, J. (2020, January 24). Doomsday clock brought forward 20 seconds as keepers call on world leaders to act. News.Com.Au. Retrieved from https://www.news.com.au/technology/innovation/doomsday-clock-brought-forward-20-seconds-as-keepers-call-on-world-leaders-to-act/news-story/7daa43dc13df3c8f6d9eb0e25ec7ca19
Bradbury, E., & Blakeslee, S. (2018, August). The harrowing story of the Nagasaki bombing mission - Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists. Retrieved from Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists website: https://thebulletin.org/2015/08/the-harrowing-story-of-the-nagasaki-bombing-mission/
Choi, M. (2013). YouTube. Retrieved July 6, 2020, from www.youtube.com website: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=310-GYiitpM
DOXAFestival. (2012). DOXA 2012 | Nuclear Savage. Retrieved from https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=wqdRIt1EnkY
YouTube. (n.d.). Retrieved July 6, 2020, from www.youtube.com website: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=2oYIk7ae8hI
Akana, H. (2020, July 02). WW2 & The Great Depression. Lecture presented at Kamehameha Kapālama Summer School 2020. Retrieved July 02, 2020, from https://drive.google.com/file/d/1Fql8BoZcEW9Wv1XBqfYDCrvDJmCCnseY/view
WatchMojo.com. (2011a). World War II: How Did It End? [YouTube Video]. Retrieved from https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=OPcRfzRtM9o
WatchMojo.com. (2011b). World War II: How Did It Start? [YouTube Video]. Retrieved from https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=PCXSuaOozDE
WatchMojo.com. (2011c). World War II: Nuclear Bombings of Japan. Retrieved from https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=v5OI9xrJ8Zw
WatchMojo.com. (2018). Top 10 Weapons that Won World War II [YouTube Video]. Retrieved from https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=EBIPi70gsvQ
Letters. (2020, January 16). Nuclear weapons worsen the climate crisis | Letter. Retrieved July 3, 2020, from the Guardian website: https://www.theguardian.com/world/2020/jan/16/nuclear-weapons-worsen-the-climate-crisis
Physicians for Social Responsibility. (2017). Climate Change & Nuclear Weapons Use. Retrieved July 3, 2020, from PSR Wisconsin website: https://psr-wisconsin.org/climate-change-nuclear-weapons-use
Lewis, D. P. (2015). August 1945: The atomic bomb is detonated over Hiroshima. Www.Chathamhouse.Org. Retrieved from https://www.chathamhouse.org/publication/twt/detonation-atomic-weapons-over-japan-was-dawn-new-age
Radhika Chalasani. (2015, August 6). A look back: The atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki. Retrieved from Cbsnews.com website: https://www.cbsnews.com/pictures/anniversary-hiroshima-nagasaki-atomic-bomb-world-war-ii/19/
Climate Change Post. (2018). Even if we reach the Paris Agreement targets, droughts will still strongly increase. Retrieved July 7, 2020, from Climatechangepost.com website: https://www.climatechangepost.com/news/2018/7/25/even-if-we-reach-paris-agreement-targets-droughts-/
Pacific Northwest National Laboratory. (n.d.). PNNL: Retrieved July 7, 2020, from www.pnnl.gov website: https://www.pnnl.gov/science/highlights/highlight.asp?groupid=749&id=667
Martin, S. (2020, February 28). World War 3 warning: Nuclear war could spell the END for humanity. Retrieved July 3, 2020, from Express.co.uk website: https://www.express.co.uk/news/science/1248704/world-war-3-news-nuclear-war-weapons-nuclear-fallout-world-news
Bradley, C. (2020, February 5). World War 3: Why Donald Trump risks ‘all-out nuclear war’ with huge Russia challenge. Retrieved July 7, 2020, from Express.co.uk website: https://www.express.co.uk/news/world/1238355/world-war-3-donald-trump-all-out-nuclear-war-huge-russia-challenge-vladimir-putin-spt
Brumfiel, G. (2019). Trump Administration Begins Production Of A New Nuclear Weapon. Retrieved July 7, 2020, from NPR.org website: https://www.npr.org/2019/01/28/689510716/trump-administration-begins-production-of-a-new-nuclear-weapon
Gramenz, J. (2020, January 24). Doomsday clock brought forward 20 seconds as keepers call on world leaders to act. News.Com.Au. Retrieved from https://www.news.com.au/technology/innovation/doomsday-clock-brought-forward-20-seconds-as-keepers-call-on-world-leaders-to-act/news-story/7daa43dc13df3c8f6d9eb0e25ec7ca19
Impacts of the Cold War
Furthermore, climate change, specifically, does not bridge these historical events with national and local current events. However, there are connections between today, the Cold War, and ongoing threats of safety to America as a dominant empire. For example, in Hawaiʻi, America has enforced capitalism on our civilization, ridding us of our traditional communist ways. In Ancient Hawaiʻi, Native Hawaiians applied communism and socialism in their ahupuaʻa system and economy. They used their skills and abilities to provide for the lāhui, and not just their families. Also, each aspect of Hawaiʻi’s ahupuaʻa system collectively worked to sustain the Hawaiian people. However, with American colonization and imperialism, capitalism was introduced. But this system negatively affects Native Hawaiians. Capitalism allows Americans to exploit native populations. Hawaiians are amongst the top ethnic groups facing the effects of poverty in Hawaiʻi. Therefore, there is a need to maintain a job in order to acquire money and resources. But, many of the jobs available to native people require arduous work, with a miserable wage in return. This perpetuates marginalization against natives and people of color, while also normalizing class stratification. Lastly, another connection can be seen in the Black Lives Matter movement and threats to the American empire. Black Lives Matter has become a modern revolution for the American people. Numerous protestors, even those who are not colored, are emphasizing the flaws in America’s justice and police systems. Others are also demanding changes to be made to many political aspects of our society. However, this could be one step closer to the downfall of America. Revolutions throughout history have incited the end of dominant empires, as seen with the French Empire. This is because people began to speak out against their leaders and governing bodies, who were eventually overthrown. Therefore, the Black Lives Matter movement could lead to many unforeseen changes.
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The use of new technologies in the Cold War, how America handled foreign policy with Cuba, Korea, and Vietnam, and the political impacts of America as a dominant empire work together to worsen our Kahiau project issue of global climate change that correlates with the UN Development Goal of climate action. This is displayed in both nuclear warfare and conflicts. First, nuclear warfare. As seen in the Cuban Missile Crisis, nuclear weapons were deeply interconnected with world war. The United States and Cuba, with the assistance of the Soviet Union, came very close to creating a nuclear war. Both nations had access to armed missiles, which they were prepared to use in the event of an invasion or attack by the other. Although a nuclear war did not occur, the possibility of it would have had numerous impacts on climate change. As previously mentioned, nuclear weapons and arsenals can have tremendous environmental and geographical effects. Not only would large blasts and explosions result in temperature spikes and changing climates, but they would also impact the availability of essential resources, creating a humanitarian problem. Additionally, conflicts during these times also connect to climate change. The Cold War was a political conflict between the economic ideologies of communism and capitalism. This conflict continued throughout the Cuban Missile Crisis, the Korean War, and the Vietnam War as capitalist West nations struggled to “contain” the globalization of communism by Eastern empires, and vice versa. But this conflict also contributes to the climate change crisis. Climate change is a global issue occurring in almost every region of the world. Therefore, it requires the collective intelligence and collective learning of every nation, regardless of their values, bias, and beliefs. However, these conflicting economic concepts have made it much more difficult for multilateralism and global cooperation to occur, ultimately resulting in climate change going unaddressed.
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Akana, H. (2020, July 07). Nuts & Bolts of the Cold War Expanded V2020. Lecture presented at Kamehameha Kapālama Summer School 2020. Retrieved July 07, 2020, from https://drive.google.com/file/d/1kh6JL73CztAYCi4e0pc8AFVuKr3URrXi/view
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CrashCourse. (2013b). The Cold War in Asia: Crash Course US History #38 [YouTube Video]. Retrieved from https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Y2IcmLkuhG0
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Hofschneider, A. (2018, September 19). Poverty Persists Among Hawaiians Despite Low Unemployment. Retrieved July 8, 2020, from Honolulu Civil Beat website: https://www.civilbeat.org/2018/09/poverty-persists-among-hawaiians-despite-low-unemployment/#:~:text=The%20poverty%20rate%20for%20all
John Graham Royde-Smith, & Hughes, T. A. (2018). World War II | Facts, Summary, Combatants, & Causes. In Encyclopædia Britannica. Retrieved from https://www.britannica.com/event/World-War-II
Hausmann, R. (2015, August 21). Does capitalism cause poverty? Retrieved from World Economic Forum website: https://www.weforum.org/agenda/2015/08/does-capitalism-cause-poverty/
kuldeep Deep. (2017, June 26). Karl Marx and theory. Retrieved July 8, 2020, from https://www.slideshare.net/KULDEEP8896/karl-marx-and-theory
Black Lives Matter. (2019). Black Lives Matter. Retrieved from Black lives matter website: https://blacklivesmatter.com/
Essa, A. (2020). Cornel West: Black Lives Matter and the fight against US empire are one and the same. Retrieved July 8, 2020, from Middle East Eye website: https://www.middleeasteye.net/news/cornel-west-black-lives-matter-fight-us-empire
Kennedy, R. (2020). Black Lives Matter: It must be said. Retrieved from The Princetonian website: https://www.dailyprincetonian.com/article/2020/04/black-lives-matter-it-must-be-said
Suny, R. G. (2009, October 28). Empire Falls: The Revolutions of 1989. Retrieved from www.thenation.com website: https://www.thenation.com/article/archive/empire-falls-revolutions-1989/
CNN. (n.d.). The rise and fall of the Berlin Wall - CNN Video. Retrieved July 7, 2020, from www.cnn.com website: https://www.cnn.com/videos/world/2014/11/07/pkg-shubert-history-of-berlin-wall.cnn
CrashCourse. (2013a). The Cold War: Crash Course US History #37. Retrieved from https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=9C72ISMF_D0
CrashCourse. (2013b). The Cold War in Asia: Crash Course US History #38 [YouTube Video]. Retrieved from https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Y2IcmLkuhG0
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WorldOfRock4U. (2015). YouTube. Retrieved July 7, 2020, from www.youtube.com website: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=PEmt2CmmWl0
Letters. (2020, January 16). Nuclear weapons worsen the climate crisis | Letter. Retrieved from the Guardian website: https://www.theguardian.com/world/2020/jan/16/nuclear-weapons-worsen-the-climate-crisis
PSR Wisconsin. (n.d.). Climate Change & Nuclear Weapons Use. Retrieved from PSR Wisconsin website: https://psr-wisconsin.org/climate-change-nuclear-weapons-use
History. (2018, August 22). Cold War. Retrieved from HISTORY website: https://www.history.com/topics/cold-war
Frankel, M. (2002, October). Learning from the Missile Crisis. Retrieved from Smithsonian website: https://www.smithsonianmag.com/history/learning-from-the-missile-crisis-68901679/
Greenspan, J. (2019, June 14). Which Countries Were Involved in the Vietnam War? Retrieved from HISTORY website: https://www.history.com/news/vietnam-war-combatants
Ahupua`a - Hawaii History - Ahupua`a. (n.d.). Retrieved July 8, 2020, from www.hawaiihistory.org website: http://www.hawaiihistory.org/index.cfm?fuseaction=ig.page&CategoryID=299#:~:text=The%20ancient%20ahupua%60a%2C%20the
Ahupuaʻa System – Independent Sovereign Nation State of Hawaii. (n.d.). Retrieved July 8, 2020, from www.nationofhawaii.org website: https://www.nationofhawaii.org/ahupuaa/
Hofschneider, A. (2018, September 19). Poverty Persists Among Hawaiians Despite Low Unemployment. Retrieved July 8, 2020, from Honolulu Civil Beat website: https://www.civilbeat.org/2018/09/poverty-persists-among-hawaiians-despite-low-unemployment/#:~:text=The%20poverty%20rate%20for%20all
John Graham Royde-Smith, & Hughes, T. A. (2018). World War II | Facts, Summary, Combatants, & Causes. In Encyclopædia Britannica. Retrieved from https://www.britannica.com/event/World-War-II
Hausmann, R. (2015, August 21). Does capitalism cause poverty? Retrieved from World Economic Forum website: https://www.weforum.org/agenda/2015/08/does-capitalism-cause-poverty/
kuldeep Deep. (2017, June 26). Karl Marx and theory. Retrieved July 8, 2020, from https://www.slideshare.net/KULDEEP8896/karl-marx-and-theory
Black Lives Matter. (2019). Black Lives Matter. Retrieved from Black lives matter website: https://blacklivesmatter.com/
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Kennedy, R. (2020). Black Lives Matter: It must be said. Retrieved from The Princetonian website: https://www.dailyprincetonian.com/article/2020/04/black-lives-matter-it-must-be-said
Suny, R. G. (2009, October 28). Empire Falls: The Revolutions of 1989. Retrieved from www.thenation.com website: https://www.thenation.com/article/archive/empire-falls-revolutions-1989/
Empirical Globalization in the 21st Century
Throughout human history, recurring themes that we keep seeing are imperialism, globalism, and colonization. As in everything, these themes have their positives and negatives. They have had the chance to bring people and races of the world together. However, they were executed very poorly as the people whose land had been taken were oppressed and portrayed to be sub-human. This is how racism became so widespread. This also ties into our UN development goal of climate action towards global climate change as this mentality of thinking that some people are better than others started many wars. For example, Hitler is most widely known for his hatred towards Jews and how he used this propaganda to rally the Nazis to fight in World War 2. These wars are terrible for the environment as large scale industrialization has to occur to help in the fight. The Marshall Islands’ nuclear bomb testings, such as the Bravo test and Project 4.1, have left the islands permanently inhabitable. In the Cold War, napalm was discharged everywhere to start fires as an attempt to "smoke out" the enemy. But, napalm caused many global climate issues. Napalm is so bad that it cannot be used on civilian targets, even if it is apart of a war effort. During the Cold War, napalm was poured on trees and set on fire, causing many trees to be destroyed as well as putting numerous greenhouse gases, and more specifically, carbon dioxide, into the air. This is apart of the reason that we are facing global warming and high carbon dioxide levels in the atmosphere today.
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We think that for the future, the most important thing that we need to teach our kids is that everyone is equal and we need to treat everyone equally. We feel that the only reason racism still exists in our modern-day society is simply that many people were indoctrinated during their childhood and raised in a manner in which they were told that they were better than others. This all started because oftentimes the winners of wars, the victorious nations, or the dominant empires would shame, discriminate against, and oppress different cultures and people of color. One very well-known solution for this is seen in the peaceful Black Lives Matter protests across America more recently. Also, in a more local setting, we see Hawaiians fighting back against the Thirty Meter Telescope (TMT) being built on Mauna Kea. Time and time again we see that peaceful protests, kapu aloha, and civil disobedience are things that can really change the world and strive to achieve equality for everyone. Equality is something that is very important for a very simple reason. We are all human and should be treated equally. For the human race to get to the next level, advance technologically, and improve morally, this would be a requirement for us.
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